Begin an outline as soon as you have finished a chapter of the casebook, and supplement the outline as you finish each additional chapter. A chapter ending is a good time to outline because the materials in a chapter normally all relate to the same subject and provide a natural organizational unit. by outlining at the end of each chapter, you also will stagger the taks of outlining among your courses; normally, you will finish chapters on different days in different courses. You also will spread the work of outlining over the entire term, rather than trying to prepare complete outlines for each course in the days immediately before the exams.
To begin outlining, review your notes and case briefs for the chapter to identify its main topics. The casebook's table of contents can help you in this process. For each topic, gather the following information:
1. Definitions of any terms of art;
2. Relevant rules of law, including a description of each element that must be satisfied for the rule to apply and any differences among the jurisdictions;
3. Exceptions to the rule;
4. Available remedies;
5. Underlying policy considerations;
6. Any important historical background; and
7. Any important reform proposals.
There is not one proper outline format. The best format depends on the course materials and on the organization that is most helpful to you. To keep the outline to a usable length, avoid including tangential materials no matter how interesting they are. Despite the need for conciseness, however, include an example of how a rule applies if the rule is particularly complex or abstract. An example can make the rule more understandable and memorable.
Outlining will be slow going at first. Just as with case briefing, however, you will become more proficient. As your outlining skills improve and as you cover more material in each course, review the earlier portions of the outline to correct and to supplement them.
An excerpt from Burkhart, A. M., & Stein, R. A. (2008). Law school success in a nutshell: A guide to studying law and taking law school exams. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West.
If you decide to work with a study group, two to four people is the optimal size. If the group is larger, each person will have only limited time to raise questions, and the discussions can get bogged down. The group members should agree to be prepared for each session, so that each one can contribute to the discussion and not slow the others down. The members also should agree that discussion will be focused on the subject matter, rather than on movies and other diversions.
Do not divide case briefing or outlining among the group members. A very substantial part of the benefit of case briefs and outlines comes from preparing them. Besides, you might lose a group member or discover that a member has done a poor job, which could leave you in bad shape just before finals. Instead, the group members should prepare their own materials, which can be shared and discussed within the group.
In fact, group discussions ar the primary benefit of belonging to a study group. The group members will provide a variety of perspectives and problem-solving techniques. As a group, they can spot issues that no one person would spot and can brainstorm to solve problems, to understand cases, and to synthesize the course materials. They also can help clarify confusing class notes and class discussions. For all these reasons, you should be sure to discuss issues with your classmates on a regular basis even if you decide not to join a study group.
An excerpt from Burkhart, A. M., & Stein, R. A. (2008). Law school success in a nutshell: A guide to studying law and taking law school exams. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West.
Case Brief Format
There are many different ways to brief a case. You should use the format that is most useful for your class and exam preparations. Regardless of form, every brief should include the following information.
Caption
A brief should begin with the case name, the court that decided it, the year it was decided, and the page on which it appears in the casebook.
Facts
Next, state the facts of the case. This section is necessary because legal principles are defined by the situations in which they arise. Include in your brief only those facts that are legally relevant. A fact is legally relevant if it had an impact on the case's outcome. For example, in a personal injury action arising from a car accident, the color of the parties' cars seldom would be relevant to the case's outcome. Similarly, if the plaintiff and defendant presented different versions of the facts, you should describe those differences only if they are relevant to the court's consideration of the case. Because you will not know which facts are legally relevant until you have read and deciphered the entire case, do not try to brief a case while reading it for the first time.
Procedural History
With the statement of facts, you have taken the case to the point at which the plaintiff filed suit. The next section of the brief, the procedural history, begins at that point and ends with the case's appearance in the court that wrote the opinion you are reading. For a trial court opinion, identify the type of legal action the plaintiff brought. For an appellate court opinion, also describe how the trial court and, if applicable, the lower appellate court decided the case and why.
Issues
You are now ready to describe the opinion you are briefing. In this section of the brief, state the factual and legal questions that the court had to decide. To analyze a case properly, you must break it down to its component parts.
Holdings
In this section, separately answer each question in the issues section. For quick reference, first state the answer in a word or two, such as "yes" or "no." Then in a sentence or two, state the legal principle on which the court relied to reach that answer (the "holding").
Rationale
You now should describe the court's rationale for each holding. This section of the case brief may be the most important, because you must understand the court's reasoning to analyze it and to apply it to other fact situations, such as those on the exam. Starting with the first issue, describe each link in the court's chain of reasoning.
Disposition
Describe the final disposition of the case. Did the court decide in favor of the plaintiff or the defendant? What remedy, if any, did the court grant? If it is an appellate court opinion, did the court affirm the lower court's decision, reverse it in whole or in part, or remand the case for additional proceedings?
Concurring and Dissenting Opinion
Concurring and dissenting opinions are included in a casebook when they present an interesting alternative analysis of the case. Therefore, you should describe the analysis in your case brief. It will help you see the case in a different light.
An excerpt from Burkhart, A. M., & Stein, R. A. (2008). How to Study Law and Take Law Exams in a Nutshell. St. Paul, Minn: West Pub. Co.
